英語語法本來就是枯燥的,學生的學習興趣不高,沒有興趣怎能達到高效掌握的目標。于是在講解語法時作者首先要激趣,激趣的方法有很多,可以根據不同的內容采取不同的方法。以定語從句為例(與關系代詞有關的)這一教學過程中,作者是這樣做到激發學生興趣的。在屏幕上播放小熊在不同場景中的圖片,共7張,有在樹下站著的;有正在吃蘋果的;有穿紅色裙子的;有正在滑冰的等等。學生看到小熊憨憨的模樣,立刻就來了精神頭開始七嘴八舌的議論圖片上的小熊。這時,老師馬上布置任務“Please describe these pictures with the sentence ‘I like the bear……’and you can do as you like.”這時學生爭先恐后的說,當然,沒有太多說的完全對的,但卻激發了學生對這一語法現象的學習興趣。
二、給出范例,初步感知
這一環節很重要,此時教師的作用就是誘導、啟發教師給出例句,“Now, let’s have a look at my opinions”
(1)I like the bear that/which is skating.
(2)I like the bear (that/which) the boy is dancing with.
(3)I like the bear whose shirt is red.
(4)I like the tallest bear that is standing under the tree.
(5)The bear which/that is eating an apple is so lovely.
(6)what’s the name of the bear whose fur is black?
3.(NMET 2000, 24) It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one
B. that
C. what
D. it
本題答案選B。在本題中被強調部分the ability to do the job 與 not where you come from or what you are形成比較結構,the ability to do the job與matters形成主謂一致關系。當然本題還可說成:It is the ability to do the job not where you come from or what you are that matters. 但這樣就顯得句子重心不穩,結構不合理。
4.It is the prevention of disease rather than its successful treatment that has led to the rapid increase of the world’s population.本句中被強調部分為對比結構,含義為“導致世界人口快速增長的原因是對疾病的預防而非對疾病的成功治療。”當然has led to的主語應是the prevention of disease。
七、強調句型中的be動詞和情態動詞的結合。
句式特征: It may be+ 被強調部分+ that … ;It must have been+被強調部分+ that … ;Would/ Could it be +被強調部分+that…?
1.It might have been John ______bought a new book for Mary yesterday.
A. what
B. since
C. that
D. then
該題答案為C,許多考生誤選其他的原因在于be的復雜化而看不出本句為強調句型。再如:
It may be next week that she leaves for Tokyo.
八、強調句型和名詞性從句的結合。
句式特征為: 整個強調句型用作名詞性從句或者在強調句型中含有名詞性從句。
1.I’ve already forgotten _________you put the dictionary.
A. that it was there
B. where was it that
C. that where it was
D. where it was that
本題是經過變形的強調句型用作賓語從句的體現,為了更好地理解,我們分三步對其進行討論。
第一步,復原It was on the desk that I put the dictionary.
第二步,對劃線部分提問Where was it that you put the dictionary?
第三步,變為陳述語序,將其用作forgotten的賓語從句則變為:I’ve already forgotten where it was that you put the dictionary.與原題對比,答案應為D。再看一個強調句型中含有同位語從句的例子:It was at the very beginning ____Mr. Fox made the decision _____ we should send more firefighters there.
3.Is _____three hours ______the boy _______family is poor to come to school on foot?
A. it; that; whose
B. it; that it takes; whose
C. it for; that it takes; whose
D. it; when; that;
本題結構復雜,是定語從句、強調句型的一般問句形式和句式It takes sb some time to do sth.的糅合。我們也分幾步來看這個句子:
第一步:基本句式It takes the boy three hours to come to school on foot.
第二步:以the boy為先行詞,后面附上定語從句,則變為:It takes the boy whose family is poor three hours to come to school on foot.
第三步:用強調句型對上句中的劃線部分進行強調,則變為:It is three hours that it takes the boy whose family is poor to come to school on foot.
第四步:將上句變為一般疑問句即是該題,經對比可知答案應為B。
十、強調句型和(not)……until句型的結合
句式特征為:It is/ was until +被強調部分+that +延續動詞;It is/ was not until+被強調部分+that+短暫動詞
用強調句型對I didn’t leave until it got dark.中的劃線部分進行強調,則變成:It was not until it got dark that I left. 注意此種情況下否定詞not要從原題的主句上轉移到被強調的從句上,這也是否定轉移的一種形式。
1.It was until last year that he ________________________.
A. left school for a new start
B. came to realize the importance of learning English
C. worked as an English teacher at a middle school
D. set out to build a new house of his own
本題不含否定詞not,四個選項中只有C項中的動詞work為延續性動詞,答案C。
十一、強調句型的省略形式
句式特征為: 在一定的上下文中,強調句型的某個部分可以省略。作題時要特別注意將其復原并加以比較。
1.——Who is making so much noise in the garden?
——_________ the children.
A. It is
B. They are
C. That is
D. There are
強調句型在具體的語境中省略,其完整形式應是:It is the children who are making so much noise in the garden.答案為A。
2.——He was nearly drowned once.
——When was _______?
——____ was in 1998 when he was in middle school.
A. that; It
B. this; This
C. this; It
D. that; This
在第三句話中when he was in middle school.為定語從句,修飾1998,其后省去了that he was nearly drowned once. 此題如把關系副詞when 也挖空,則很容易誤選that。答案為A。
十二、強調句型的形近句型
1.It be +被強調部分+that+… 是強調句型,去掉it,be,that后,剩余部分仍能組成一個完整的句子。如:It is probably due to these skills that they have been offered a wide variety of positions. 本句去掉it,be,that后可轉化成:Probably due to these skills they have been offered a wide variety of positions.
2.It+ be+ adj. / n. / 過去分詞+that從句句型。該句型中的It是形式主語,that引導的從句是真正的主語從句。如:(1)It is important that he (should) learn English well.
(2)It is a fact that he can speak both English and Japanese.(3)It is suggested that he leave his office right now.
3.“It be +時間段+since……”句型。如果since和延續性動詞連用,則意為“某人不做某事已有多久了”;如和短暫動詞連用,則為“某人做某事已有多久了”。如:(1)It is two months since he fell ill.他病了兩個月了。(2)It is two months since he was ill. 他病好已經兩個月了。
4.It be+時間段+before……句型 表示“……多久后某事發生”。如:It was a long time before they met again. 很長時間后他們才見面;It was not long before he came back. 時間過不久他們就回來了。
5.“It be…when……”句型 表示“某事發生時正是……時候” 如:It was 1949 when the PRC was founded. 試比較強調句型句:It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.去掉it,was,that后仍是一個完整的句子。
2、寫作時應注意的事項。首先考慮文章的人稱。整篇文章是以什么角度講述的,即確定,應當使用第一,第二個還是第三人稱比如,日記應用第一人稱廣告消息通知,應該第二人稱表述描述類文章是以一個旁觀者的角度來寫的所以應用第三人稱。但有時也得具體問題具體分析。其次,考慮時間既文章的時間性。判斷所要寫的東西的動作發生在什么時間段,來確定整篇文章的總時態。如果所要表述的東西是過去的通常用過去的時態即一般過去時,過去進行時,及過去完成時。如果,要敘述的東西是將來的,一般要使用將來的時態即一般將來時,將來進行時等如果敘述的是,屬于經常性反復性的動作或說明一件東西時你當時用一般現在時態。然后初作寫作訓練時,英語80個單詞的作文為好,如果每句以十個單詞為準的話大致應以八到十句話尾最佳。我們首先把要表達的內容,分成八至十句話,然后確定人稱時態找出動詞和動詞詞組及重要的介詞短語初步組成一個句子接下來進行細致的修飾,加上必要的狀語,及定語等 修飾語。在接下來這八至十個句子的,因果條件并列關系,找出來按著關系,加上連詞如if because then and but so althought等使文章連貫而不孤單這樣一個文章的雛形就完成了。
3、階段是文章的修改,及潤色。文章的修改,應從句子的結構開始逐一檢查先檢查,人稱主格和賓格的應用,對嗎?以及必要的反身代詞的應用,對嗎?然后接著檢查動詞的時態,語態,及形式的變化即非謂語動詞的應用是否正確。有些使讓動詞的賓語即賓語補足語是固定形式,需要單獨記憶注意應用及修改。名詞的變化形式有所有格的兩種變化以及可數的名詞和不可數名詞的單數形式都是,必須注意的尤其應該注意的事是集合名詞當整體講是單數而當全體成員講是復數含義如family class 還要注意像sheep等單復數一樣的名詞,還有意義不一樣時單復數有變化的詞如exercise當練習題講時,應有單,復數變化而當鍛煉講時是抽象名詞不可數。形容詞應該注意級別的變化即比較級,原級和最高級的變化以及形容詞,作定語時位置的變化形容詞,在修飾不定代詞時,放在所修飾詞之后。副詞也有級別的變化注意頻度副詞的位置,應放在主語之后實義動詞,之前像often usually 其它的程度副詞都放在所修飾詞之后還需要注意形容詞和副詞的轉化就是加ly但是有些加ly的詞并不是副詞如friendly還要注意加ly的副詞的比較級,一般應加more或most。
在組際交流后,教師按一定的評價標準對各個學生進行全面、客觀、準確的評價。而課內練習是學生鞏固知識的必要環節,也是檢測教學效果的有效手段,教師及時運用預先設計好的練習題,從知識的不同層次、不同側面讓學生練習測試。在學生自練的基礎上,讓其互評、互議、互批、互改,對其中出現的代表性問題,教師也不急于講解,而是采取全班講座的形式,通過學生互評、師生互評等手段來解決。“交流―互動”教學采用當堂檢測教學效果的方法,反饋迅速,校正有效,有利于提高英語教學質量。如,在本課的練習中,筆者用課文的一句話:She did all she could to help him.讓學生進行句型轉換練習。他們積極思維,大膽思考,很快能把這句轉換成如下幾個句子:
1)She did her best to help him.
2)She tried her best to help him.
3)She did what she could to help him.
4)She did everything(that)she could to help him.
5)She tried everything(that)she could to help him.